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Start Your Coding Journey Now! Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Improve this answer. Jonathan: Both suffice as a diff intended to be consumed by a human e. Jonathan: Git-style diffs i. You can apply plain diffs e. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. A synonym for --right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges ; useful to limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that have been applied to the other side of a forked history with git log --cherry upstream Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
With --pretty format other than oneline and reference for obvious reasons , this causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from the reflog. If neither was used, but --date was given on the command line, show the timestamp in the format requested by --date. This option cannot be combined with --reverse. See also git-reflog[1]. But there are two parts of History Simplification , one part is selecting the commits and the other is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if the end result is the same i. This mode is helpful for showing the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch. Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits contributing to this merge.
When given a range of commits to display e. We shall call commits that modify foo! In a diff filtered for foo , they look different and equal, respectively.
In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume that you are filtering for a file foo in this commit graph:. The horizontal line of history AQ is taken to be the first parent of each merge. The commits are:. Initial commits are compared to an empty tree, so I is! B contains the same change as A. X is an independent root commit that added a new file side , and Y modified it.
The following settings are available. Otherwise, follow all parents. Root commits are compared to an empty tree, so I is! Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get. E , C and B were all walked, but only B was! Ordinary commits are only included if they are! Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included themselves.
This results in. Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that without --full-history , this still simplifies merges: if one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other sides of the merge are never walked. First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history with parent rewriting does see above.
Then simplify each commit C to its replacement C' in the final history according to the following rules:. Replace each parent P of C' with its simplification P'. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent. The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to --full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:. Note the major differences in N , P , and Q over --full-history :. N 's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of the other parent M. Still, N remained because it is!
P 's parent list similarly had I removed. Q 's parent list had Y simplified to X. A regular D.. M computes the set of commits that are ancestors of M , but excludes the ones that are ancestors of D. The result in this example would be all the commits, except A and B and D itself, of course. When we want to find out what commits in M are contaminated with the bug introduced by D and need fixing, however, we might want to view only the subset of D.. M that are actually descendants of D , i. This is exactly what the --ancestry-path option does.
Applied to the D.. M range, it results in:. Before discussing another option, --show-pulls , we need to create a new example history. For this example, suppose I created file. The single-parent commits C , Z , and Y do not change file. The merge commit R , however, was created by ignoring the contents of file. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create N is to take the contents of file.
The resulting history graph is:. When using --full-history , Git walks every edge. This will discover the commits A and B and the merge M , but also will reveal the merge commits O and P. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:. Here, the merge commits O and P contribute extra noise, as they did not actually contribute a change to file. They only merged a topic that was based on an older version of file.
This is a common issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: manu unrelated merges appear in the --full-history results. When using the --simplify-merges option, the commits O and P disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents of O and P are reachable from their first parents.
This also happens to the commit N , resulting in a history view as follows:. In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from A , B , and X.
We also see the carefully-resolved merge M and the not-so-carefully-resolved merge R. This is usually enough information to determine why the commits A and B "disappeared" from history in the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach. The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the --simplify-merges option requires walking the entire commit history before returning a single result.
This can make the option difficult to use for very large repositories. The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced a change into an important branch. The problematic merge R above is not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an important branch.
Instead, the merge N was used to merge R and X into the important branch. This commit may have information about why the change X came to override the changes from A and B in its commit message. When a merge commit is included by --show-pulls , the merge is treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using --show-pulls on this example and no other options the resulting graph is:.
Here, the merge commits R and N are included because they pulled the commits X and R into the base branch, respectively. These merges are the reason the commits A and B do not appear in the default history. When --show-pulls is paired with --simplify-merges , the graph includes all of the necessary information:.
Notice that since M is reachable from R , the edge from N to M was simplified away. However, N still appears in the history as an important commit because it "pulled" the change R into the main branch. The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are not referenced by tags.
Commits are marked as! TREESAME in other words, kept after history simplification rules described above if 1 they are referenced by tags, or 2 they change the contents of the paths given on the command line. Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.
Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order. Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history intermixed.
With --topo-order , they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 or 8 7 4 2 6 5 3 1 ; some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed together. Output the commits chosen to be shown see Commit Limiting section above in reverse order. Cannot be combined with --walk-reflogs.
Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors. This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument unsorted is given, the commits are shown in the order they were given on the command line. Otherwise if sorted or no argument was given , the commits are shown in reverse chronological order by commit time. Cannot be combined with --graph. Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration see git-config[1].
Instead of showing the full byte hexadecimal commit object name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely. Show the full byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates --abbrev-commit , either explicit or implied by other options such as "--oneline". It also overrides the log. Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user.
For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF Note that if an object claims to be encoded in X and we are outputting in X , we will output the object verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv 3 fails to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original object verbatim.
By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log message by 4 spaces i. Show the notes see git-notes[1] that annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default for git log , git show and git whatchanged commands when there is no --pretty , --format , or --oneline option given on the command line. By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the core.
See git-config[1] for more details. Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are being displayed. Do not show notes. This negates the above --notes option, by resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown. Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e. No need to remember all those commands and parameters: get our popular "Git Cheat Sheet" - for free! To create a patch, we will use the git format-patch command. Most importantly, we must tell Git which commits exactly we want to be included in the patch.
Let's take the following scenario as an example:. In case you'd prefer to have just a single file containing all of the commits, you can use the --stdout option:. In any case, you'll be left with one or multiple. In case you are using the Tower Git client , creating and applying patches is very easy: you can simly select the commits you want to save as a patch files - and later apply them just as quickly.
The receiver of the patch file s can then apply the changes using the git am command:.
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